The European Court of Human Rights (“ECHR” or “Court”) released its final decision in Janowiec and Others v. Russia. The case stems from the 1940 slaying of Polish nationals by the Red Army. A mass grave containing over 20,000 victims was found near the Katyń forrest in the early 1940s.
The Applicants in this case are 15 Polish nationals, representing 12 of the confirmed or believed victims of the 1940 slaying. In 1990, the USSR officially acknowledged responsibility for the massacre and initiated an investigation into it. However, the investigation was discontinued in 2004 and many of the reports from the investigation – including the report on the decision to discontinue the investigation – were classified as “top secret.” The Applicants had pressed the Russian courts to divulge information from the investigation, but the courts upheld the top secret classification.
Upon application to the ECHR, the Applicants claimed violations of Article 2 (right to life), Article 3 (prohibition of inhuman or degrading treatment), and Article 38 (obligation to furnish necessary facilities for examination of the case). The ECHR held that it had no jurisdiction under Article 2 – because the massacre occurred 10 years before the European Convention on Human Rights (the “Convention”) was in force and 58 years before the Convention was ratified by Russia. The ECHR also ruled that there was no violation of Article 3.
While the case revolved around Article 2 and Article 3 violations, the most important issue decided by the Court going forward may be its decision regarding Article 38. The Russian government failed to hand over requested evidence, citing national law prohibitions against doing so. The Court unanimously held that this was unacceptable. The Court said that Russia failed to justify the necessity behind classifying documents relating to an egregious violation of human rights 70 years earlier. Additionally, the Court said it is crucial that measures affecting fundamental human rights be subject to adversarial proceedings by an independent body. The Court found that Russia had failed to comply with its obligations under Article 38. In my opinion, the Article 38 ruling will be the more significant decision to come from the Court moving forward. It will be interesting to see whether Russia is held accountable for its violation of Article 38 and whether Russia will comply next time the ECHR requests classified documents.
Do you think Russia will comply with a ECHR-ordered request for classified documents in the future? Do you agree with the Court’s decision that it can force States to turn over classified documents? The Court cites procedural safeguards to protect classified information, such as closed-door hearings, but would that be sufficient to protect the classified documents of a sovereign State?
Source: European Court of Human Rights
Photo Source: USA Today
It is well within the court’s rights to demand Russia hand over the documents so as to get to the bottom of that horrific event and bring justice to those affected. While I understand there are instances where a government must keep some of its activities behind closed doors, I cannot see a justification for this situation. We are dealing with families who lost loved ones and were torn apart as a result of this massacre; with families who are looking for some closure and when they thought they were finally going to get it they had it suddenly snatched from them. These families have a right to know what happened that day and why the ones they held so near to them were slain and most importantly of all why nothing was done to bring the people responsible to justice. If we always allow this closed-door policy for government operations without ever asking questions we are giving them our tacit approval to do as they please with no blow back from a displeased population. It is the people that rule, not the government and so the people must have a good amount of disclosure from their government.